Moving Average System Digital Signal Verarbeitung

Es gibt eine Reihe von Indikatoren und mathematischen Modellen, die von einigen Trading-Software (sogar MetaStock) weitgehend akzeptiert und verwendet werden, wie MAMA, Hilbert Transform, Fisher Transform (als Ersatz von FFT), Homodyne Discriminator, Hilbert Sine Wave, Instant Trendline etc. erfunden Von John Ehler. Aber das ist es. Ich habe noch nie von jemand anderem gehört, als John Ehler in diesem Bereich studiert hat. Denken Sie, dass es sich lohnt, digitale Signalverarbeitung zu lernen. Danach ist jede Transaktion ein Signal und Bar-Charts sind etwas gefiltert Form dieser Signale. Ist es sinnvoll gefragt Feb 15 11 um 20:46 Wavelets sind nur eine Form der Basis Zersetzung. Wavelets zersetzen sich insbesondere in Häufigkeit und Zeit und sind daher nützlicher als Fourier - oder andere reinfrequenzbasierte Zerlegungen. Es gibt noch andere Zeit-Freq-Zerlegungen (zB die HHT), die auch erforscht werden sollten. Die Zerlegung einer Preisreihe ist nützlich, um die Primärbewegung innerhalb einer Serie zu verstehen. Im allgemeinen mit einer Zerlegung ist das ursprüngliche Signal die Summe seiner Basiskomponenten (potentiell mit einem Skalierungsmultiplikator). Die Komponenten reichen von der niedrigsten Frequenz (eine gerade Linie durch die Probe) bis zur höchsten Frequenz, eine Kurve, die mit einer Frequenz maximiert, die sich N nähert. Wie dies nützlich ist, kann eine Reihe bestimmen, die die Hauptkomponente der Bewegung in der Serienbestimmung bestimmt Pivots Das Denoisieren wird durch Neuzusammensetzen der Serie durch Zusammenfassen der Komponenten aus der Zersetzung, abzüglich der letzten höchsten Frequenzkomponenten, erreicht. Diese gemittelte (oder gefilterte) Serie, wenn sie gut gewählt wird, gibt oft einen Blick auf den Kernpreisprozess. Angenommen, die Fortsetzung in der gleichen Richtung, kann verwendet werden, um für eine kurze Zeit vorwärts zu extrudieren. Wie die Zeitreihen in Echtzeit ticken, kann man sich anschauen, wie sich der geänderte (oder Filter-) Preisprozess ändert, um festzustellen, ob eine Preisbewegung in einer anderen Richtung signifikant ist oder nur Lärm ist. Einer der Schlüssel ist jedoch festzustellen, wie viele Ebenen der Zersetzung in einer gegebenen Situation neu zu komponieren. Zu wenig Ebenen (niedrige Freq) bedeutet, dass die neu zusammengesetzte Preisreihe sehr langsam auf Ereignisse reagiert. Zu viele Levels (High Freq) bedeutet für schnelle Reaktion, aber. Vielleicht zu viel Lärm in einigen Preisregimen. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass sich der Markt zwischen den Seitenbewegungen und den Impulsbewegungen verschiebt, muss sich ein Filterprozess an das Regime anpassen, wobei er mehr oder weniger empfindlich auf Bewegungen bei der Projektion einer Kurve ist. Es gibt viele Möglichkeiten, dies zu bewerten, so dass die Macht der gefilterten Serie gegen die Macht der Rohpreis-Serie, die auf eine bestimmte abhängig von Regime. Angenommen, man hat erfolgreich Wavelet oder andere Zerlegungen verwendet, um ein glattes, entsprechend reaktives Signal zu liefern, kann die Ableitung nehmen und verwenden, um Minima und Maxima zu erkennen, wenn die Preisreihe fortschreitet. Man braucht eine Basis, die ein gutes Verhalten am Endpunkt hat, so dass die Steigung der Kurve am Endpunkt in einer geeigneten Richtung projiziert. Die Basis muss konsistente Ergebnisse am Endpunkt liefern, da die Zeitreihen ticks und nicht positional voreingenommen sind. Leider bin mir keine Wavelet-Basis bekannt, die die oben genannten Probleme vermeidet. Es gibt einige andere Basen, die gewählt werden können, die besser machen. Fazit Wenn Sie Wavelets verfolgen und Handelsregeln um sie herum aufbauen möchten, erwarten Sie viel Forschung. Sie können auch feststellen, dass, obwohl das Konzept gut ist, müssen Sie andere Zerlegungsbasen erkunden, um das gewünschte Verhalten zu bekommen. Ich verwende keine Zerlegungen für Handelsentscheidungen, aber ich habe sie bei der Bestimmung des Marktregimes und anderer rückständiger Maßnahmen als nützlich erachtet. Sie müssen untersuchen, wie man Interpolationsmethoden im Vergleich zu Extrapolationsmethoden unterscheidet. Es ist einfach, ein Modell zu bauen, das die Vergangenheit wiederholt (fast jedes Interpolationsschema wird der Trick machen). Das Problem ist, dass das Modell in der Regel wertlos ist, wenn es darum geht, in die Zukunft zu extrapolieren. Wenn du das Wort Zyklen hörst, sollte eine rote Fahne hinaufsteigen. Graben Sie in die Anwendung von Fourier Integral, Fourier Series, Fourier Transform, etc, und youll finden, dass mit genügend Frequenzen können Sie jede Zeitreihe gut genug, dass die meisten Einzelhändler können überzeugt werden, dass es funktioniert. Das Problem ist, es hat keine prädiktive Kraft überhaupt. Der Grund Fourier-Methoden sind nützlich in EngineeringDSP ist, weil dieses Signal (Spannung, Strom, Temperatur, was auch immer) in der Regel wiederholt sich in der Schaltungsmaschine, wo es erzeugt wurde. Als Ergebnis wird die Interpolation dann mit der Extrapolation verknüpft. Im Falle youre mit R, Heres einige hacky Code zu versuchen: Zyklus Analyse und Signalverarbeitung könnte für saisonale Muster nützlich sein, aber ohne zu wissen, mehr über die Leistung eines solchen Ansatzes zum Handel würde ich nicht einen Grad in Signalverarbeitung für nur Handel zu betrachten. Wären Sie glücklich anzuwenden, was Sie auf Standard-Engineering-Typ Problem lernen, weil das sein kann, was youll stecken tun, wenn es nicht gut genug mit dem Handel funktioniert. Beantwortet Feb 15 11 um 22:10 DSP und Time Series Analyse sind die gleiche Sache. DSP nutzt Enging Lingo und Zeitreihenanalyse verwendet mathematische lingo aber die Modelle sind ziemlich simular. Ehlers Cyber ​​Cycle Indikator ist ein ARMA (3,2). Ehlers hat einige einzigartige Ideen: Was ist die Bedeutung der Phase einer zufälligen Variablen beantwortet Feb 26 11 um 5:04 Vergessen Sie alle diese so genannten technischen Indikatoren. Sie sind Mist, vor allem, wenn Sie nicht wissen, wie man sie benutzt. Mein Rat: Kaufen Sie ein gutes Wavelet Buch und erstellen Sie Ihre eigene Strategie. Antwortete Feb 16 11 at 2:52 Hallo fRed, welches Wavelet Buch hast du benutzt Kannst du einen Titel ndash empfehlen MisterH Mar 28 11 um 11:26 Eine Einführung in Wavelets und andere Filtermethoden in Finanzen und Wirtschaft von Ramazan Gencay, Faruk Selcuk Brandon Whitcher ndash RockScience Mar 29 11 at 2:15 Ive fand John Ehlers Fisher Transform ganz nützlich als Indikator im Handel Futures vor allem auf Heikin-Ashi Tick Charts. Ich verlasse mich darauf für meine Strategie, aber ich denke nicht, dass es zuverlässig genug ist, um ein ganzes automatisiertes System auf eigene Faust zu gründen, weil es sich während der abgehackten Tage nicht bewährt hat, aber es kann bei Trendtagen wie heute sehr nützlich sein. (Id ist glücklich, ein Diagramm zu veranschaulichen, um zu veranschaulichen, aber ich habe nicht den Ruf benötigt) antwortete am 22. März um 20: 47Signal Processing Fundamentals Dennis Bohn, Rane RaneNote 134 geschrieben 1997 zuletzt überarbeitet 504 Schreien, um im Raum zu sein, kann niemand hören du schreist . Weil es keine Luft oder ein anderes Medium für den Sound gibt. Klang braucht ein Medium eine dazwischenliegende Substanz, durch die es von Punkt zu Punkt reisen kann, muss es auf etwas getragen werden. Dass etwas fest, flüssig oder gasförmig sein kann. Sie können hören, dass Sie unter Wasser schreien. kurz. Wasser ist ein Medium. Luft ist ein Medium. Nachtclub Wände sind ein Medium. Schall bewegt sich in Luft durch schnelles Ändern des Luftdrucks relativ zu seinem Normalwert (atmosphärischer Druck). Sound ist eine Störung im umliegenden Medium. Eine Vibration, die sich aus der Quelle ausbreitet und eine Reihe von expandierenden Schalen mit hohem Druck und niedrigem Druck erzeugt. hoher Druck. niedriger Druck. hoher Druck. niedriger Druck . Wenn man sich nach außen bewegt, bewegen sich diese Zyklen von wechselnden Druckzonen bis zum endgültigen Ableiten oder Reflektieren von Oberflächen (Nachtclubwänden) oder durch Grenzen oder durch Verstecken - in der Regel eine Kombination von allen drei. Linke ungehindert, der Ton fährt nach außen, aber nicht für immer. Die Luft (oder andere Medium) raubt einige der Töne Macht, wie es geht. Der Preis der Passage: das Medium nimmt seine Energie auf. Diese Leistungsverlust wird als eine Verringerung in, wie laut es ist (der Begriff Loudness wird verwendet, um zu beschreiben, wie laut es ist von Moment zu Moment), wie das Signal fährt weg von seiner Quelle. Die Lautstärke des Signals wird für jede Verdoppelung der Entfernung von der Quelle um ein Viertel reduziert. Dies bedeutet, dass es 6 dB weniger laut ist, wie Sie Ihren Abstand von ihm verdoppeln. Dies ist als das inverse quadratische Gesetz bekannt, da die Abnahme umgekehrt proportional zum Quadrat der zurückgelegten Strecke ist, das 2-fache der Abstand entspricht einer Abnahme der Lautstärke von 14 und so weiter. Wie schaffen wir Klang, und wie erfassen wir den Klang. Wir machen dies mit entgegengesetzten Seiten der gleichen elektromagnetischen Münze. Elektrizität und Magnetismus sind kinfolk: Wenn Sie eine Spule von Draht durch ein Magnetfeld passieren, wird Strom in der Spule erzeugt. Drehen Sie die Münze um und drehen Sie sie wieder um: Wenn Sie Elektrizität durch eine Drahtspule passieren, wird ein Magnetfeld erzeugt. Bewegen Sie den Magneten, erhalten Sie eine Spannung anwenden eine Spannung, erstellen Sie einen Magneten. Das ist das Wesen aller elektromechanischen Gegenstände. Mikrofone und Lautsprecher sind elektromechanische Objekte. In ihren Herzen gibt es eine Spule von Draht (die Schwingspule) und einen Magneten (der Magnet). Sprechen verursacht Schallschwingungen, um aus dem Mund nach außen zu reisen. Das Sprechen in ein Moving-Coil (aka dynamisches) Mikrofon bewirkt, dass sich die Schwingspule innerhalb eines Magnetfeldes bewegt. Dadurch entsteht eine Spannung, und ein Strom, der proportional zum Klang ist, wurde erfasst. Am anderen Ende der Kette wird eine Spannung an die Lautsprecher-Schwingspule angelegt, wodurch ein Strom fließt, der ein Magnetfeld erzeugt, das den Kegel proportional zum Audiosignal macht, das angelegt wird - der Klang wurde erzeugt. Das Mikrofon übersetzt Klang in ein elektrisches Signal, und der Lautsprecher übersetzt ein elektrisches Signal in Klang. Eine Erfassung, die andere schafft. Alles dazwischen ist nur Details. Und wenn Sie sich fragen: Ja drehte sich um, ein Mikrofon kann ein Lautsprecher sein (das macht teeny kleine Töne), und ein Lautsprecher kann ein Mikrofon sein (wenn Sie WIRKLICH LOUD). Crossovers: Einfache Division Lautsprecher Crossover sind ein notwendiges Übel. Ein anderes Universum, ein anderer Satz von Physik und vielleicht könnten wir haben, was wir wollen: ein Lautsprecher, der alles macht. Ein Lautsprecher, der alle Audio-Frequenzen gleichermaßen reproduziert, ohne Verzerrung, auf Lautstärke, die für jeden Ort, den wir spielen, ausreichend ist. Nun, wir leben hier, und unser System der Physik lässt solche Extravaganz nicht zu. Die harte Wahrheit ist, niemand kann alles tun. Wir brauchen mindestens zwei - mehr, wenn wir uns leisten können. Tieftöner und Hochtöner. Ein großer Woofer für die Tiefen und ein kleiner Hochtöner für die Höhen. Dies wird als 2-Wege-System bezeichnet. (Überprüfen Sie die begleitenden Diagramme für die folgenden Diskussionen.) Aber mit zwei Lautsprechern müssen die richtigen Frequenzen an jeden Lautsprecher weitergeleitet (oder überkreuzt) werden. Auf der einfachsten Ebene ist ein Crossover ein passives Netzwerk. Ein passives Netzwerk braucht man kein Netzteil zu bedienen - wenn es ein Netzkabel hat oder Batterien abläuft, dann ist es keine passive Schaltung. Das einfachste passive Crossover-Netzwerk besteht aus nur zwei Komponenten: einem Kondensator, der mit dem Hochfrequenztreiber und einem Induktor (aka a coil) verbunden ist, der mit dem Niederfrequenztreiber verbunden ist. Ein Kondensator ist ein elektronisches Bauteil, das hohe Frequenzen (das Durchlaßband) leitet und niedrige Frequenzen (das Stoppband) blockiert, eine Induktivität genau das Gegenteil: es passiert niedrige Frequenzen und blockiert hohe Frequenzen. Aber da sich die Frequenz ändert, reagiert keine Komponente plötzlich. Sie tun es allmählich fangen sie langsam an, ihre jeweiligen Frequenzen zu passieren (oder zu stoppen). Die Rate, mit der dies geschieht, heißt die Crossover-Steigung. Es wird in dB pro Oktave gemessen. Oder verkürzt zu dBoctave. Die Steigung erhöht oder verringert so viele dBoctave. Auf der einfachsten Ebene gibt Ihnen jede Komponente eine 6 dBoctave Hang (eine physische Tatsache unseres Universums). Wieder auf der einfachsten Ebene erhöht das Hinzufügen weiterer Komponenten die Steigung in 6-dB-Schritten, wodurch Schrägen von 12 dBoct, 18 dBoct, 24 dBoct und so weiter entstehen. Die Anzahl der Komponenten oder 6 dB Neigungsschritte wird als Crossover-Reihenfolge bezeichnet. Daher hat ein Crossover der 4. Ordnung (mindestens) vier Komponenten und erzeugt steile Hänge von 24 dBoctave. Je steiler desto besser für die meisten Fahrer, da die Redner nur für eine gewisse Band von Frequenzen weitermachen, die darüber hinaus schlecht sind, manchmal schlecht. Steile Abfahrten verhindern, dass diese Frequenzen zum Fahrer kommen. Sie können Kondensatoren und Induktoren kombinieren, um einen dritten Weg zu schaffen, der die höchsten Höhen und die niedrigsten Tiefs beseitigt und einen Mittelfrequenz-Crossover-Abschnitt bildet. Dies wird natürlich als 3-Wege-System bezeichnet. (Siehe Diagramm) Der Ziffernquartier bildet ein Bandpassfilter, da es nur ein bestimmtes Frequenzband überschreitet. Beachten Sie aus dem Diagramm, dass die Hochfrequenz-Durchlassband - und Niederfrequenz-Durchlassband-Terme oft nur auf Hochpass - und Tiefpass verkürzt werden. Ein 3-Wege-System ermöglicht die Optimierung jedes Fahrers für ein schmaleres Band von Frequenzen, wodurch ein besserer Gesamtklang erzeugt wird. Also warum nicht nur passive Boxen verwenden Das einzige größte Problem ist, dass ein passives Kabinett (oder ein Paar) nicht laut genug und sauber genug für große Räume spielen. Wenn das Sound-System für Ihr Schlafzimmer oder Garage ist, würden passive Systeme gut funktionieren - vielleicht sogar noch besser. Aber das ist nicht Sobald du versuchst, einen relativ großen Raum mit gleich lautem Klang zu füllen, fängst du an, die Probleme zu verstehen. Und es macht keine Stadien, nur normale Größe Clubs. Es ist wirklich schwierig, die geforderte Lautstärke mit passiven Schachteln zu erzeugen. Das Leben wäre viel einfacher, wenn man einfach alle in die eigenen Dosen einsteigen könnte - wie ein Haufen HC 4 oder HC 6 Kopfhörer Amps im ganzen Publikum verstreut. Lass sie die Arbeit machen, dann hörte jeder gleich gut und wählte ihr eigenes Hörniveau. Aber das Leben ist hart, und Kopfhörer-Verstärker müssen eingeschränkt werden, um zu üben und zu erfassen. Monitor-Lautsprecher auf der anderen Seite haben wahrscheinlich passive Crossover. Wieder ist es eine Frage von Distanz und Lautheit. Monitore sind in der Regel in der Nähe und nicht zu laut - zu laut und sie werden wieder in Ihr Mikrofon zurückkehren oder mit dem Hauptmix gehört werden: nicht gut. Monitor-Lautsprecher sind ähnlich wie HiFi-Lautsprecher, wo passive Designs dominieren. Wegen der relativ kleinen Hörgebiete. Es ist ganz einfach, kleine Hörräume mit unberührten Geräuschen auch auf Ohrspaltniveaus zu füllen. Aber verschiebe die gleichen Redner in deinen Club und sie klingen dünn, stumpf und leblos. Nicht nur werden sie nicht laut genug spielen, aber sie können die klanglichen Vorteile des Klanges brauchen, die von den engen Wänden abprallen, um den direkten Klang zu verstärken und zu füllen. In großen Orten sind diese Wände viel zu weit weg, um jedem zu helfen. Abbildung 1. Passiver 2-Wege-Crossover Abbildung 2. Passiver 3-Wege-Crossover Also warum nicht ein paar Passiv-Boxen verwenden Du kannst und manche Leute tun. Doch aus Gründen zu folgen, funktioniert es nur für ein paar Schränke. Trotzdem werden Sie nicht in der Lage sein, die hohen Lautstärke zu bekommen, wenn das Zimmer groß ist. Passive Systeme können nur so sehr optimiert werden. Sobald Sie mehrere Schränke brauchen, werden aktive Übergänge notwendig. Um eine gute Abdeckung von gleich-Frequenzen zu erhalten, willst du wie-Treiber stapeln. Dies verhindert die Verwendung von passiven Boxen, da jeder (zumindest) einen Hochfrequenztreiber und einen niederfrequenten Treiber enthält. Es ist am einfachsten, ein Klangsystem zusammenzustellen, wenn jedes Schrank nur einen Frequenzbereich abdeckt. Zum Beispiel, für ein schön klingende 3-Wege-System, hättest du Niederfrequenz-Boxen (die Großen), dann mittelgroße Mittelfrequenz-Boxen und schließlich die kleineren Hochfrequenz-Boxen. Diese würden gestapelt oder aufgehängt werden, oder beide - in irgendeiner Art von Array. Ein Lautsprecher-Array ist die optimale Stapelform für jeden Satz von Schränken, um die beste kombinierte Abdeckung und Gesamtklang zu geben. Sie haben zweifellos viele verschiedene Arrayformen gesehen. Es gibt große Türme, hohe Mauern und alle Arten von Polyedern und Bögen. Der einzige effiziente Weg, dies zu tun, ist mit aktiven Crossover. Einige kleinere Systeme kombinieren aktive und passive Boxen. Selbst in einem einzigen Schrank ist es üblich, eine aktive Frequenzweiche zu finden, die verwendet wird, um die Nieder - und Mittelfrequenztreiber zu trennen, während ein eingebautes passives Netzwerk für den Hochfrequenztreiber verwendet wird. Dies ist besonders häufig für Super-Hochtöner, die über die letzte Audio-Oktave arbeiten. Am anderen Ende wird eine aktive Frequenzweiche oft dazu verwendet, einen Subwoofer zu einem passiven 2-Wege-System hinzuzufügen. Alle Kombinationen werden verwendet, aber jedes Mal, wenn ein passiver Crossover auftaucht, kommt es mit Problemen. Einer davon ist Machtverlust. Passive Netzwerke verschwenden wertvolle Kraft. Die zusätzliche Kraft benötigt, um die Fahrer lauter, stattdessen kocht die Komponenten und kommt aus der Box als Hitze - nicht klingen. Deshalb können passive Einheiten einen größeren Verstärker kaufen. Ein paar zusätzliche passive Netzwerkprobleme haben mit ihrer Impedanz zu tun. Impedanz beschränkt die Kraftübertragung wie der Widerstand, nur empfindlich. Damit das passive Netzwerk genau richtig arbeitet, muss die Quellenimpedanz (die Verstärkerausgabe plus die Verdrahtungsimpedanz) möglichst nahe an Null sein und nicht frequenzabhängig sein und die Lastimpedanz (die Lautsprechercharakteristiken) müssen behoben werden Nicht frequenzabhängig (sorry, nicht in diesem Universum nur auf Star Trek). Da diese Dinge nicht möglich sind, muss das passive Netzwerk (am besten) eine vereinfachte und kompromittierte Lösung für ein sehr komplexes Problem sein. Infolgedessen ändert sich das Crossover-Verhalten mit der Frequenz - nicht etwas, das Sie für ein gutes Klangsystem wünschen. Eine letzte Sache, um die Sache noch schlimmer zu machen. Es gibt eine sogenannte Back-emf (Back-Electromotive-Kraft, buchstäblich, Back-Voltage), die weiter zu schlecht klingenden Lautsprechersystemen beiträgt. Dies ist die Phänomene, bei denen der Lautsprecherkonus nach dem Anhalten des Signals weiter bewegt wird, wodurch die Schwingspule durch das Magnetfeld (nun wie ein Mikrofon) bewegt wird, wodurch eine neue Spannung erzeugt wird, die versucht, das Kabel zurück zum Verstärkerausgang zu bringen Wenn der Sprecher dies tun darf, dreht sich der Kegel wie ein sterbender Fisch. Es klingt nicht gut Der einzige Weg, um Rücken-emf zu stoppen ist, um den Lautsprecher quotseequot einen toten kurzen, dh null Ohm, die rückwärts schauen, oder so nah wie möglich - etwas, das nicht mit einem passiven Netzwerk zwischen ihm geschehen wird Und die Endstufe. All dies, und nicht zu erwähnen, dass Induktivitäten sättigen bei hohen Signalpegeln verursacht Verzerrung - ein weiterer Grund, den Sie nicht genug Lautstärke bekommen können. Oder das zusätzliche Gewicht und die Masse, die durch die großen Induktoren verursacht werden, die für eine gute Niederfrequenzantwort erforderlich sind. Oder dass es fast unmöglich ist, qualitativ hochwertige Steilhänge passiv zu bekommen, so dass die Resonanz leidet. Oder dass Induktoren viel zu gut bei der Abholung von lokalen Radio-, TV-, Notfall - und Mobilfunkübertragungen sind und sie freudig in Ihren Audio mischen. Das ist das Leben mit passiven Lautsprechersystemen. Abbildung 3. Aktive 2-Wege-Crossover-Abbildung 4. Aktive 3-Wege-Crossover Aktive Crossover-Netzwerke erfordern eine Stromversorgung, um zu betreiben und wird in der Regel in Einzelraum-, Rack-Mount-Einheiten verpackt. (Obwohl die verspäteten Lautsprecher mit eingebauten aktiven Frequenzweichen und Leistungsverstärkern immer mehr populär sind, werden die angetriebenen Lautsprecher immer wieder populär.) Wenn man das begleitende Diagramm betrachtet, zeigt sich, wie sich aktive Crossover von ihren passiven Cousinen unterscheiden. Für ein 2-Wege-System anstelle einer Endstufe haben Sie nun zwei, aber sie können für die gleiche Lautstärke kleiner sein. Wie viel kleiner hängt von der Empfindlichkeitsbewertung der Fahrer ab (mehr dazu später). Ebenso benötigt ein 3-Wege-System drei Endstufen. Sie sehen und hören auch die Begriffe bi-amped. Und tri-amped auf 2- und 3-Wege-Systeme angewendet. Aktive Crossovers heilen viele Krankheiten der passiven Systeme. Da sich die Crossover-Filter selbst sicher in ihrem eigenen Kasten versteckt haben, weg von den Fahr - und Belastungsimpedanzproblemen, die passive Einheiten plagen, können sie in nahezu mathematisch perfekter Weise betrieben werden. Extrem steile, glatte und gut erzogene Crossover-Pisten werden durch aktive Schaltungen leicht erreicht. Es gibt keine Verstärkerverlustprobleme, da aktive Schaltungen von ihren eigenen Niederspannungsnetzteilen arbeiten. Und mit den Ineffizienzen des passiven Netzes entfernt, erreichen die Endstufen leichter die benötigten Lautstärke. Lautsprecher-Jitter und Zittern, die durch unzureichend gedämpfte Rücken-emf verursacht werden, aber verschwinden, sobald das passive Netzwerk entfernt ist. Was bleibt, ist die Verstärker inhärente Ausgangsimpedanz und die des Anschlussdrahtes. Heres wo der Begriff Dämpfungsfaktor kommt. Beachten Sie, dass das Wort dämpft. Nicht dampfen, wie es so oft gehört wird, beeindrucken deine Freunde. Dämpfung ist ein Maß für die Fähigkeit eines Systems, die Bewegung des Lautsprecherkonus zu steuern, nachdem das Signal verschwindet. Nicht mehr sterbender Fisch Siegfried amp Russ Aktive Crossover gehen durch viele Namen. Zuerst sind sie entweder 2-Wege oder 3-Wege (oder sogar 4-Wege und 5-Wege). Dann gibt es die Steigungsrate und Ordnung: 24 dBoct (4. Ordnung) oder 18 dBoct (3. Ordnung) und so weiter. Und schließlich gibt es einen Namen für die Art des Designs. Die beiden häufigsten sind Linkwitz-Riley und Butterworth. Benannt nach Siegfried Linkwitz und Russ Riley, der diese Anwendung zuerst vorgeschlagen hat, und Stephen Butterworth, der erstmals 1930 die Antwort beschrieb. Bis Mitte der 80er Jahre dominierte das Butterworth-Design der 3. Ordnung (18 dBokt), hatte aber trotzdem Probleme. Seither hat die Entwicklung (Pionier von Rane und Sundholm) des 4-stufigen (24 dBoct) Linkwitz-Riley-Designs diese Probleme gelöst und heute ist die Norm. Was dazu beiträgt, ist aktive Crossover sind die Regel. Zum Glück ist das härteste an einem aktiven Crossover das Geld, um ein zu kaufen. Danach ist die meiste Arbeit schon für Sie getan. Auf der grundlegendsten Ebene alles, was Sie wirklich brauchen, von einem aktiven Crossover sind zwei Dinge: um Ihnen die richtige Crossover-Punkt, und lassen Sie Balance Fahrer Levels. Das ist alles. Die erste wird durch die Anleitung des Lautsprechersherstellers Datenblatt durchgeführt und auf der Vorderseite gewählt. (Das bedeutet, dass ein kompletter, fabrikierter 2-Wege-Lautsprecherkabine übernommen wird. Wenn die Box selbstgemacht ist, müssen beide Treiber sorgfältig ausgewählt werden, damit sie die gleiche Übergangsfrequenz haben. Andernfalls kann ein schweres Ansprechproblem auftreten Notwendig, da Hochfrequenztreiber effizienter sind als Niederfrequenztreiber. Dies bedeutet, dass, wenn Sie die gleiche Menge an Strom in jeden Fahrer setzen, wird man lauter klingen als die anderen. Derjenige, der am effizientesten ist, spielt lauter. Mehrere Methoden zum Ausgleich der Fahrer sind immer in jeder guten Besitzer Handbuch skizziert. Equalizer Sie haben vielleicht gehört, dass Equalizer nichts mehr als verherrlichte Klangregelungen sind. Das ist ziemlich genau und hilft, ihre Nützlichkeit und Bedeutung zu erklären. Einfach ausgedrückt, Equalizer erlauben es Ihnen, die Klangbilanz zu ändern, was auch immer Sie kontrollieren. Sie können auf die Band-für-Band-Basis nur die gewünschten Frequenzen erhöhen (erhöhen) oder verringern (schneiden). Equalizer kommen in allen verschiedenen Größen und Formen, variiert stark in Design und Komplexität. Wählen Sie aus einer einfachen Einkanal-Einheit mit 10 Bedienelementen im 1-Oktave-Frequenzabstand (ein Mono-10-Band-Oktav-Equalizer) bis hin zu einer voll funktionsfähigen, zweikanaligen Box mit 31 Bedienelementen auf 13-Oktave Frequenzabstand (Ein Stereo-13-Okt-Equalizer). Es gibt grafische Modelle mit Schiebereglern (Schiebereglern), die den Entzerrer-Frequenzgang durch die Form, die sie bilden, grob zuschreiben, und es gibt parametrische Modelle, bei denen die Frequenz, die Amplitude und die Bandbreite gewünscht werden (die Filterparameter - siehe Diagramm unten) für jeden Band zur Verfügung gestellt. Weit und weg, die einfachsten und beliebtesten sind die 13- und 23-Oktaven-Grafik. Sie bieten die beste Kombination aus Kontrolle, Komplexität und Kosten. Bei der Auswahl von Grafik-Equalizern sind die Hauptmerkmale zu berücksichtigen, die Anzahl der Eingangseingangskanäle, die Anzahl der Boostcut-Bänder, der Mittelfrequenzabstand von jedem und die Genauigkeit des Ausgangssignals gegenüber den Frontpanel-Einstellungen. Bis zur jüngsten Entwicklung von echten Response-Grafiken, die Frontpanel-Einstellungen nur approximiert die Equalizer tatsächliche Antwort. Vor der wahren Antwortgrafik verursachte die angrenzende Bandinteraktion, dass die tatsächliche Ausgangsantwort von den Frontplatteneinstellungen abweicht. Beschrieben als Konstante-Q oder Variable-Q (siehe Diagramme), bestimmt das einzelne Filterbandbreitenverhalten die Interaktion. In den frühen 80er Jahren entwickelte Rane die ersten Konstant-Q-Designs, um die gleiche Form (Bandbreite) über die gesamte Boostcut-Reihe zu bewahren. Im Gegensatz dazu haben Variable-Q-Designs unterschiedliche Bandbreiten (die Formänderungen) als eine Funktion der Boostcut-Menge. Ranes Konstant-Q-Design bot eine große Verbesserung der Ausgabe-Antwort vs Front-Panel-Einstellungen und wurde die beliebtesten Design bis Rane und andere entwickelten die ersten wahren Antwort Grafik-Equalizer. Jetzt wahre Antwortgrafiken bieten die beste Antwort. Mit Equalizern können Equalizer Wunder für ein Soundsystem machen. Beginnen wir mit der Lautstärke des Lautsprechers. Eine unglückliche Wahrheit über Budgetlautsprecher ist, dass sie nicht sehr gut klingen. In der Regel ist dies auf eine ungleichmäßige Frequenzantwort, oder besser gesagt eine nicht-flache Power-Antwort. Ein idealer Schrank hat eine flache Leistungsreaktion. Dies bedeutet, dass, wenn Sie wählen, sagen wir, 1 kHz als Referenzsignal, verwenden Sie es, um den Lautsprecher mit genau einem Watt zu fahren, messen Sie die Lautstärke und fegen Sie den Generator über die Lautsprecher gesamte Frequenzbereich, alle Frequenzen wird gleich laut zu messen. Traurig, mit all den teuersten Lautsprechersystemen, werden sie es nicht. Equalizer können diesen Häufigkeitsstörungen helfen. Durch das Hinzufügen ein wenig hier und wegnehmen ein wenig dort, ziemlich bald schaffen Sie eine akzeptable Macht Antwort - und eine ganze Menge besser klingende System. Es ist überraschend, wie nur ein wenig Ausgleich ein schlechtes Klangsystem in etwas ganz Anständiges verwandeln kann. Der beste Weg, um mit Budget-Lautsprecher umzugehen - obwohl es mehr kostet - ist, einen Equalizer-Kanal für jedes Kabinett zu begehen. Das wird eine Ehe. Der Equalizer ist eingestellt, eine Sicherheitsabdeckung ist verschraubt, und für immer mehr sind sie untrennbar. (Verwenden Sie zusätzliche Equalizer, um die Raumprobleme zu unterstützen.) Und jetzt für den harten Teil, aber der wichtigste Teil: Wenn Sie Ihre Messungen außerhalb (keine Reflexionen von Wänden oder Decken) und in die Luft (keine Reflexionen aus dem Boden ) Sie können ein sehr genaues Bild von nur der Lautsprecher Antwort, frei von Raum-Effekte zu bekommen. Das gibt dir die raumunabhängige Antwort. Das ist wirklich wichtig, denn egal wo diese Box benutzt wird, hat es diese Probleme. Natürlich müssen Sie sicherstellen, dass die Kosten des Budgetlautsprechers und des Equalizers sich wesentlich weniger als den Kauf eines wirklich flachen Lautsprechersystems anfangen. Zum Glück (oder sollte das traurig sein) das ist normalerweise der Fall. Wieder ist die Wahrheit, dass die meisten Schränke nicht flach sind. Es sind nur die sehr teuren Lautsprecher, die Weltklasse-Antworten haben. (Hmmm vielleicht das ist, warum sie so viel kostet) Das nächste, was man mit Equalizern tun kann, ist, die Art und Weise zu verbessern, wie jeder Veranstaltungsort klingt. Jedes Zimmer klingt anders - Tatsache des Lebens - Tatsache der Physik. Mit genau der gleichen Ausrüstung, spielen genau die gleiche Musik in genau der gleichen Weise, verschiedene Räume klingen anders - garantiert. Jeder umschlossene Raum behandelt Ihren Klang anders. Reflektierter Klang verursacht die Probleme. Was das Publikum hört, besteht aus dem direkten Klang (was direkt aus dem Lautsprecher direkt zum Hörer kommt) und reflektiert den Klang (es springt alles ab, bevor er zum Hörer kommt). Und wenn das Zimmer groß genug ist, dann kommt das Nachhall ins Spiel, das ist alles reflektierte Klang, der so weit gereist ist, und für eine solche (relativ) lange Zeit, dass es ankommt und wieder an den Zuhörer kommt, verzögert genug, um zu klingen Eine zweite und dritte Quelle, oder sogar ein Echo, wenn das Zimmer wirklich groß ist. Sein grundsätzlich ein Geometrieproblem Jeder Raum unterscheidet sich in seinen Dimensionen nicht nur in seiner grundlegenden Länge-für-Breite-Größe, sondern in seiner Deckenhöhe, die Entfernung von Ihnen und Ihre Ausrüstung zum Publikum, was hing (oder nicht aufgehängt), an den Wänden, wie viele Fenster Und Türen gibt es und wo. Jedes Detail über den Raum beeinflusst Ihren Klang. Und bedauerlicherweise gibt es sehr wenig können Sie über irgendwelche davon zu tun. Die meisten Faktoren, die Ihren Sound beeinflussen, können sich nicht ändern. Sie können sicherlich nicht ändern die Dimensionen, oder ändern Sie die Fenster-und Tür Standorte. Aber es gibt ein paar Dinge, die du tun kannst, und Ausgleich ist einer von ihnen. Aber bevor du dich ausgibst, willst du optimieren, wie und wo du deine Redner platzierst. Dies ist wahrscheinlich die Nummer eins zu beachten. Halten Sie Ihre Lautsprecher immer aus den Ecken. Entfernen Sie alle Einschränkungen zwischen Ihren Lautsprechern und Ihrem Publikum, einschließlich Banner, Bühnentechnik und Performer. Was Sie wollen, ist für den Großteil des Klangs, den Ihr Publikum hört, direkt von den Sprechern zu kommen. Sie wollen alle reflektierten Klänge minimieren. Wenn du bei der Auswahl und dem Ausgleich deiner Lautsprecher einen guten Job gemacht hast, dann weißt du schon, dass dein direkter Sound gut ist. Also, was übrig ist, ist, den reflektierten Ton zu minimieren. Als nächstes verwenden Sie Entzerrung zu helfen, mit einigen der Zimmer mehr lästige Features. Wenn das Zimmer außergewöhnlich hell ist, können Sie das niedrige Ende auffressen, um zu helfen, es zu versetzen, oder rollen Sie einige der Höhen ab. Oder wenn der Raum dazu neigt, boomy zu sein, können Sie das niedrige Ende abschalten, um die Resonanz zu reduzieren. Ein anderer Weg EQ ist sehr effektiv ist bei der Kontrolle von lästigen Feedback Töne. Rückmeldung ist, dass schreckliche Quietschen oder Schreie-Sound-Systeme bekommen, wenn das Audio vom Lautsprecher von einem der Bühnenmikrofone abgeholt, wieder verstärkt und den Lautsprecher ausgepumpt wird, nur um wieder vom Mikrofon abgeholt zu werden, Verstärkt und so weiter. Am häufigsten geschieht dies, wenn das System laut spielt. Das macht Sinn, denn für weichere Klänge ist das Signal entweder nicht groß genug, um es zum Mikrofon zu machen, oder wenn es tut, ist es zu klein zum Aufbau. Das Problem ist eines von einem Out-of-Control, geschlossene Schleife, positiv-Feedback-System aufzubauen, bis etwas bricht, oder das Publikum verlässt. Verwenden Sie Ihren Equalizer, um die Frequenzen zu schneiden, die heulen möchten, dass Sie nicht nur das Quietschen stoppen, aber Sie erlauben dem System, lauter zu spielen. Die technische Phrase dafür ist die Maximierung des Systemgewinns vor der Rückmeldung. Es ist wichtig zu verstehen, am Anfang, dass man nicht Raumbezogene Klangprobleme mit Entzerrung beheben kann, aber man kann die Schwierigkeiten herum bewegen. Sie können die Dinge neu ordnen, was hilft, überschüssige zu zähmen. Sie gewinnen, indem Sie es besser klingen. Ausgleich hilft. Abbildung 5. Bandpass-Filterparameter Abbildung 6. Variable-Q-Grafik Abbildung 7. Konstante-Q-Grafik-Equalizer sind nützlich bei der Erweiterung Ihres Instruments oder Ihrer Stimme. Mit der Praxis werden Sie lernen, Ihren Equalizer zu benutzen, um Ihren Sound für Ihren besten persönlichen Ausdruck zu verbessern: Vertiefen Sie die Tiefen, füllen Sie die Mitte oder übertreiben Sie die Höhen. irgendwas du willst. So wie ein Equalizer das Geräusch eines schlechten Lautsprechers verbessern kann, kann es den Klang eines marginalen Mikrofons verbessern oder jedes Musikinstrument verbessern. Equalizer geben dir das etwas extra, diesen Rand. (Wir alle wissen, wo quatrische Stimmen wirklich kommen.) Sehen von Sound Um Lautsprecher - und Soundsystemmessungen einfach zu machen, benötigen Sie einen Echtzeit-Analysator (RTA). Ein RTA erlaubt Ihnen, die Leistungsreaktion zu sehen, nicht nur für den Lautsprecher, sondern auch noch wichtiger für das ganze System. Stand-alone-RTAs verwenden eine LED oder eine LCD-Matrix, um die Antwort anzuzeigen. A built-in pink noise generator (a special kind of shaped noise containing all audible frequencies, optimized for measuring sound systems) is used as the test signal. A measuring microphone is included for sampling the response. The display is arranged to show amplitude verses frequency. Depending upon cost, the number of frequency columns varies from 10 on 1-octave centers, up to 31 on 13-octave centers (agreeing with graphic equalizers). Amplitude range and precision varies with price. With the cost of laptop computers tumbling, the latest form of RTA involves an accessory box and software that works with your computer. These are particularly nice, and loaded with special memory, calculations and multipurpose functions like also being an elaborate SPL meter. Highly recommended if the budget allows. Dynamic Controllers Dynamic controllers or processors represent a class of signal processing devices used to alter an audio signal based solely upon its frequency content and amplitude level . thus the term quotdynamicquot since the processing is completely program dependent. The two most common dynamic effects are compressors and expanders . with limiters and noise gates (or just quotgatesquot) being special cases of these. The dynamic range of an audio passage is the ratio of the loudest (undistorted) signal to the quietest (just audible) signal, expressed in dB. Usually the maximum output signal is restricted by the size of the power supplies (you cannot swing more voltage than is available), while the minimum output signal is fixed by the noise floor (you cannot put out an audible signal less than the noise). Professional-grade analog signal processing equipment can output maximum levels of 26 dBu, with the best noise floors being down around -94 dBu. This gives a maximum dynamic range of 120 dB (equivalent to 20-bit digital audio) -- pretty impressive number -- but very difficult to work with. Thus were born dynamic processors. Compressors Compressors are signal processing units used to reduce ( compress ) the dynamic range of the signal passing through them. The modern use for compressors is to turn down just the loudest signals dynamically . For instance, an input dynamic range of 110 dB might pass through a compressor and exit with a new dynamic range of 70 dB. This clever bit of processing is normally done using a VCA (voltage controlled amplifier) whose gain is determined by a control voltage derived from the input signal. Therefore, whenever the input signal exceeds the threshold point, the control voltage becomes proportional to the signals dynamic content. This lets the music peaks turn down the gain. Before compressors, a human did this at the mixing board and we called it gain-riding . This person literally turned down the gain anytime it got too loud for the system to handle. You need to reduce the dynamic range because extreme ranges of dynamic material are very difficult for sound systems to handle. If you turn it up as loud as you want for the average signals, then along comes these huge musical peaks, which are vital to the punch and drama of the music, yet are way too large for the power amps and loudspeakers to handle. Either the power amps clip, or the loudspeakers bottom out (reach their travel limits), or both -- and the system sounds terrible . Or going the other way, if you set the system gain to prevent these overload occurrences, then when things get nice and quiet, and the vocals drop real low, nobody can hear a thing. Its always something. So you buy a compressor. Using it is quite simple: Set a threshold point, above which everything will be turned down a certain amount, and then select a ratio defining just how much a quotcertain amountquot is. All audio below the threshold point is unaffected and all audio above this point is compressed by the ratio amount. The earlier example of reducing 110 dB to 70 dB requires a ratio setting of 1.6:1 (11070 1.6). The key to understanding compressors is to always think in terms of increasing level changes in dB above the threshold point . A compressor makes these increases smaller . From our example, for every 1.6 dB increase above the threshold point the output only increases 1 dB . In this regard compressors make loud sounds quieter . If the sound gets louder by 1.6 dB and the output only increases by 1 dB, then the loud sound has been made quieter. Some compressors include attack and release controls. The attack time is the amount of time that passes between the moment the input signal exceeds the threshold and the moment that the gain is actually reduced. The release time is just the opposite -- the amount of time that passes between the moment the input signal drops below the threshold and the moment that the gain is restored. These controls are very difficult to set, and yet once set, rarely need changing. Because of this difficulty, and the terrible sounding consequences of wrong settings, Rane correctly presets these controls to cover a wide variety of music and speech -- one less thing for you to worry about. System overload is not the only place we find compressors. Another popular use is in the making of sound. For example when used in conjunction with microphones and musical instrument pick-ups, compressors help determine the final timbre (tone) by selectively compressing specific frequencies and waveforms. Common examples are quotfatteningquot drum sounds, increasing guitar sustain, vocal quotsmoothing, quot and quotbringing upquot specific sounds out of the mix, etc. It is quite amazing what a little compression can do. Check your owners manual for more tips. Figure 8. GateExpanderCompressorLimiter Action Expanders are signal processing units used to increase ( expand ) the dynamic range of the signal passing through it. However, modern expanders operate only below the set threshold point . that is, they operate only on low-level audio. Operating in this manner they make the quiet parts quieter . The term downward expander or downward expansion evolved to describe this type of application. The most common use is noise reduction. For example, say, an expanders threshold level is set to be just below the quietest vocal level being recorded, and the ratio control is set for 2:1. What happens is this: when the vocals stop, the signal level drops below the set point down to the noise floor. There has been a step decrease from the smallest signal level down to the noise floor. If that step change is, say, -10 dB, then the expanders output attenuates 20 dB (i. e. due to the 2:1 ratio, a 10 dB decrease becomes a 20 dB decrease), thus resulting in a noise reduction improvement of 10 dB. Its now 10 dB quieter than it would have been without the expander. Limiters are compressors with fixed ratios of 10:1 or greater. Here, the dynamic action prevents the audio signal from becoming any bigger than the threshold setting . For example, say the threshold is set for 16 dBu and a musical peak suddenly comes along and causes the input to jump by 10 dB to 26 dB, the output will only increase by 1 dB to 17 dBu -- basically remaining level. Limiters find use in preventing equipment and recording media overloads. A limiter is the extreme case of compression. You will hear the term pumping used in conjunction with poorly designed or improperly set limiters. Pumping describes an audible problem caused by actually hearing the gain change -- it makes a kind of quotpumpingquot sound. This is particularly a problem with limiters that operate too abruptly. Rest assured that Rane limiters are designed not to have any audible side-effects. Noise Gates Noise gates (or gates ) are expanders with fixed quotinfinitequot downward expansion ratios. They are used extensively for controlling unwanted noise, such as preventing quotopenquot microphones and quothotquot instrument pick-ups from introducing extraneous sounds into your system. When the incoming audio signal drops below the threshold point, the gate prevents further output by reducing the gain to quotzero. quot Typically, this means attenuating all signals by about 80 dB. Therefore once audio drops below the threshold, the output level basically becomes the residual noise of the gate. Common terminology refers to the gate quotopeningquot and quotclosing. quot A gate is the extreme case of downward expansion. Just as poorly designed limiters can cause pumping, poorly designed gates can cause breathing . The term breathing is used to describe an audible problem caused by being able to hear the noise floor of a product rise and lower, sounding a lot like the unit was quotbreathing. quot It takes careful design to get all the dynamic timing exactly right so breathing does not occur. Rane works very hard to make sure all of its dynamic processors have no audible funny business. Another popular application for noise gates is to enhance musical instrument sounds, especially percussion instruments. Correctly setting a noise gates attack (turn-on) and release (turn-off) adds quotpunch, quot or quottightensquot the percussive sound, making it more pronounced -- this is how Phil Collins gets his cool snare sound, for instance. Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail Develop, introduce or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, State, or Federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions. 2014 employment: 58,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 20,500 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -400 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 11-1031.00 - Legislators Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in accordance with organizational policies and applicable government laws or regulations. Includes logistics managers. Education administrators, all other All education administrators not listed separately. Postmasters and mail superintendents Plan, direct, or coordinate operational, administrative, management, and supportive services of a U. S. post office or coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office. 2014 employment: 17,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 70,640 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -4,600 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 11-9131.00 - Postmasters and Mail Superintendents All managers not listed separately. Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes Represent and promote artists, performers, and athletes in dealings with current or prospective employers. May handle contract negotiation and other business matters for clients. Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis activities not classified elsewhere. Excludes Financial Examiners (13-2061), Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents (13-2081), Occupational Health and Safety Specialists (29-9011), Occupational Health and Safety Technicians (29-9012), Transportation Security Screeners (33-9093), Agricultural Inspectors (45-2011), Construction and Building Inspectors (47-4011), and Transportation Inspectors (53-6051). Recruit and hire seasonal or temporary agricultural laborers. May transport, house, and provide meals for workers. 2014 employment: 100 May 2015 median annual wage: 30,910 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 13-1074.00 - Farm Labor Contractors Business operations specialists, all other All business operations specialists not listed separately. Analyze credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with credit information for use in decision making. Advise and educate individuals or organizations on acquiring and managing debt. May provide guidance in determining the best type of loan and explaining loan requirements or restrictions. May help develop debt management plans, advise on credit issues, or provide budget, mortgage, and bankruptcy counseling. Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses. Excludes Accountants and Auditors (13-2011). 2014 employment: 90,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,450 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,400 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 13-2082.00 - Tax Preparers Financial specialists, all other All financial specialists not listed separately. Computer occupations, all other All computer occupations not listed separately. Excludes Computer and Information Systems Managers (11-3021), Computer Hardware Engineers (17-2061), Electrical and Electronics Engineers (17-2070), Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1021), Multimedia Artists and Animators (27-1014), Graphic Designers (27-1024), Computer Operators (43-9011), and Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairs (49-2011). Apply standardized mathematical formulas, principles, and methodology to technological problems in engineering and physical sciences in relation to specific industrial and research objectives, processes, equipment, and products. Mathematical science occupations, all other All mathematical scientists not listed separately. All engineers not listed separately. Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other All engineering technicians, except drafters, not listed separately. Biological scientists, all other All biological scientists not listed separately. All life scientists not listed separately. Physical scientists, all other All physical scientists not listed separately. Social scientists and related workers, all other All social scientists and related workers not listed separately. Social science research assistants Assist social scientists in laboratory, survey, and other social science research. May help prepare findings for publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management. Excludes Graduate Teaching Assistants (25-1191). Forest and conservation technicians Provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, forests, or related natural resources. May compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts, under the direction of foresters or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation, fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats. Excludes Conservation Scientists (19-1031) and Foresters (19-1032). Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other All life, physical, and social science technicians not listed separately. All counselors not listed separately. Community and social service specialists, all other All community and social service specialists not listed separately. Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members. 2014 employment: 244,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,250 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 13,800 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 21-2011.00 - Clergy Directors, religious activities and education Plan, direct, or coordinate programs designed to promote the religious education or activities of a denominational group. May provide counseling and guidance relative to marital, health, financial, and religious problems. Religious workers, all other All religious workers not listed separately. Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents. Excludes Lawyers (23-1011) and Paralegals and Legal Assistants (23-2011). Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies. 2014 employment: 71,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,370 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 23-2093.00 - Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers Legal support workers, all other All legal support workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 52,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 53,920 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 23-2099.00 - Legal Support Workers, All Other Graduate teaching assistants Assist faculty or other instructional staff in postsecondary institutions by performing teaching or teaching-related duties, such as teaching lower level courses, developing teaching materials, preparing and giving examinations, and grading examinations or papers. Graduate teaching assistants must be enrolled in a graduate school program. Graduate assistants who primarily perform non-teaching duties, such as research, should be reported in the occupational category related to the work performed. Excludes Teacher Assistants (25-9041). Home economics teachers, postsecondary Teach courses in childcare, family relations, finance, nutrition, and related subjects pertaining to home management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, including exercise physiology and facilities management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Postsecondary teachers, all other All postsecondary teachers not listed separately. Special education teachers, all other All special education teachers not listed separately. Self-enrichment education teachers Teach or instruct courses other than those that normally lead to an occupational objective or degree. Courses may include self-improvement, nonvocational, and nonacademic subjects. Teaching may or may not take place in a traditional educational institution. Excludes Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors (39-9031). Flight instructors are included with Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers (53-2010). 2014 employment: 348,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,680 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 53,500 Growth rate: 15 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 25-3021.00 - Self-Enrichment Education Teachers Teachers and instructors, all other All teachers and instructors not listed separately. Audio-visual and multimedia collections specialists Prepare, plan, and operate multimedia teaching aids for use in education. May record, catalogue, and file materials. Farm and home management advisors Advise, instruct, and assist individuals and families engaged in agriculture, agricultural-related processes, or home economics activities. Demonstrate procedures and apply research findings to solve problems and instruct and train in product development, sales, and the use of machinery and equipment to promote general welfare. Includes county agricultural agents, feed and farm management advisers, home economists, and extension service advisors. Education, training, and library workers, all other All education, training, and library workers not listed separately. Merchandise displayers and window trimmers Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions. 2014 employment: 120,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 26,870 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,300 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-1026.00 - Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers Design special exhibits and movie, television, and theater sets. May study scripts, confer with directors, and conduct research to determine appropriate architectural styles. All designers not listed separately. Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other All entertainers and performers, sports and related workers not listed separately. Media and communication workers, all other All media and communication workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 33,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 45,220 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-3099.00 - Media and Communication Workers, All Other Receive and transmit communications using radiotelephone equipment in accordance with government regulations. May repair equipment. Excludes Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairs (49-2021). 2014 employment: 1,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 50,040 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-4013.00 - Radio Operators Media and communication equipment workers, all other All media and communication equipment workers not listed separately. All therapists not listed separately. Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other All health diagnosing and treating practitioners not listed separately. Assist in the provision of food service and nutritional programs, under the supervision of a dietitian. May plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals. Respiratory therapy technicians Provide respiratory care under the direction of respiratory therapists and physicians. Ophthalmic medical technicians Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions. May administer eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct the patient in care and use of corrective lenses. 2014 employment: 37,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,350 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 9,100 Growth rate: 25 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 29-2057.00 - Ophthalmic Medical Technicians Select and fit hearing aids for customers. Administer and interpret tests of hearing. Assess hearing instrument efficacy. Take ear impressions and prepare, design, and modify ear molds. Excludes Audiologists (29-1181). 2014 employment: 5,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 49,600 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,600 Growth rate: 27 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 29-2092.00 - Hearing Aid Specialists Health technologists and technicians, all other All health technologists and technicians not listed separately. Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other All healthcare practitioners and technical workers not listed separately. Medical equipment preparers Prepare, sterilize, install, or clean laboratory or healthcare equipment. May perform routine laboratory tasks and operate or inspect equipment. 2014 employment: 52,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,330 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 7,300 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 31-9093.00 - Medical Equipment Preparers Record drugs delivered to the pharmacy, store incoming merchandise, and inform the supervisor of stock needs. May operate cash register and accept prescriptions for filling. 2014 employment: 41,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,450 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 100 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 31-9095.00 - Pharmacy Aides Healthcare support workers, all other All healthcare support workers not listed separately First-line supervisors of correctional officers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of correctional officers and jailers. 2014 employment: 47,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 59,720 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,500 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers First-line supervisors of police and detectives Directly supervise and coordinate activities of members of police force. 2014 employment: 108,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 82,090 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,500 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in fire fighting and fire prevention and control. First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other All protective service supervisors not listed separately above. Parking enforcement workers Patrol assigned area, such as public parking lot or city streets to issue tickets to overtime parking violators and illegally parked vehicles. 2014 employment: 9,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,530 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,000 Growth rate: -21 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-3041.00 - Parking Enforcement Workers Handle animals for the purpose of investigations of mistreatment, or control of abandoned, dangerous, or unattended animals. 2014 employment: 15,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,450 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 900 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9011.00 - Animal Control Workers Guide or control vehicular or pedestrian traffic at such places as streets, schools, railroad crossings, or construction sites. 2014 employment: 69,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,100 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,500 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9091.00 - Crossing Guards Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers Monitor recreational areas, such as pools, beaches, or ski slopes to provide assistance and protection to participants. Transportation security screeners Conduct screening of passengers, baggage, or cargo to ensure compliance with Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations. May operate basic security equipment such as x-ray machines and hand wands at screening checkpoints. 2014 employment: 46,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 39,310 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -4,200 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9093.00 - Transportation Security Screeners Protective service workers, all other All protective service workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in preparing and serving food. Clean dishes, kitchen, food preparation equipment, or utensils. 2014 employment: 507,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 19,340 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -19,500 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 35-9021.00 - Dishwashers First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers Directly supervise and coordinate work activities of cleaning personnel in hotels, hospitals, offices, and other establishments. First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in landscaping or groundskeeping activities. Work may involve reviewing contracts to ascertain service, machine, and workforce requirements answering inquiries from potential customers regarding methods, material, and price ranges and preparing estimates according to labor, material, and machine costs. Maids and housekeeping cleaners Perform any combination of light cleaning duties to maintain private households or commercial establishments, such as hotels and hospitals, in a clean and orderly manner. Duties may include making beds, replenishing linens, cleaning rooms and halls, and vacuuming. 2014 employment: 1,457,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 20,740 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 111,700 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 37-2012.00 - Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners Building cleaning workers, all other All building cleaning workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 16,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,250 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 800 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 37-2019.00 - Building Cleaning Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of personal service workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of personal service workers, such as flight attendants, hairdressers, or caddies. Motion picture projectionists Set up and operate motion picture projection and related sound reproduction equipment. 2014 employment: 6,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 21,490 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,200 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3021.00 - Motion Picture Projectionists Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers Assist patrons at entertainment events by performing duties, such as collecting admission tickets and passes from patrons, assisting in finding seats, searching for lost articles, and locating such facilities as rest rooms and telephones. 2014 employment: 113,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 19,180 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 6,100 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3031.00 - Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers Amusement and recreation attendants Perform a variety of attending duties at amusement or recreation facility. May schedule use of recreation facilities, maintain and provide equipment to participants of sporting events or recreational pursuits, or operate amusement concessions and rides. 2014 employment: 288,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 19,280 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 22,300 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3091.00 - Amusement and Recreation Attendants Select, fit, and take care of costumes for cast members, and aid entertainers. May assist with multiple costume changes during performances. 2014 employment: 6,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,500 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 500 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3092.00 - Costume Attendants Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants Provide personal items to patrons or customers in locker rooms, dressing rooms, or coatrooms. 2014 employment: 18,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 21,020 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 900 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3093.00 - Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other All entertainment attendants and related workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 16,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 22,720 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,900 Growth rate: 17 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3099.00 - Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, All Other Prepare bodies for interment in conformity with legal requirements. 2014 employment: 3,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 40,410 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: -6 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-4011.00 - Embalmers Perform a variety of tasks during funeral, such as placing casket in parlor or chapel prior to service arranging floral offerings or lights around casket directing or escorting mourners closing casket and issuing and storing funeral equipment. 2014 employment: 36,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,770 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -400 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-4021.00 - Funeral Attendants Makeup artists, theatrical and performance Apply makeup to performers to reflect period, setting, and situation of their role. Shampoo and rinse customers hair. 2014 employment: 23,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 19,290 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,500 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-5093.00 - Shampooers Baggage porters and bellhops Handle baggage for travelers at transportation terminals or for guests at hotels or similar establishments. 2014 employment: 43,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 21,160 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-6011.00 - Baggage Porters and Bellhops Assist patrons at hotel, apartment, or office building with personal services. May take messages, arrange or give advice on transportation, business services or entertainment, or monitor guest requests for housekeeping and maintenance. 2014 employment: 31,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,030 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,300 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-6012.00 - Concierges Escort individuals or groups on sightseeing tours or through places of interest, such as industrial establishments, public buildings, and art galleries. 2014 employment: 43,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,100 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,200 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-7011.00 - Tour Guides and Escorts Plan, organize, and conduct long distance travel. tours, and expeditions for individuals and groups. 2014 employment: 3,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 34,180 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-7012.00 - Travel Guides Coordinate activities in resident facilities in secondary and college dormitories, group homes, or similar establishments. Order supplies and determine need for maintenance, repairs, and furnishings. May maintain household records and assign rooms. May assist residents with problem solving or refer them to counseling resources. 2014 employment: 103,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,990 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 14,100 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-9041.00 - Residential Advisors Personal care and service workers, all other All personal care and service workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 93,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 22,310 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 5,900 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-9099.00 - Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of retail sales workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties. 2014 employment: 1,537,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 38,310 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 67,600 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 41-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of sales workers other than retail sales workers. May perform duties, such as budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties. Gaming change persons and booth cashiers Exchange coins, tokens and chips for patrons money. May issue payoffs and obtain customers signature on receipt. May operate a booth in the slot machine area and furnish change persons with money bank at the start of the shift, or count and audit money in drawers. Excludes Cashiers (41-2011). Receive orders, generally in person, for repairs, rentals, and services. May describe available options, compute cost, and accept payment. Excludes Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop (35-3022), Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks (43-4081), Order Clerks (43-4151), and Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks (43-4181). 2014 employment: 442,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,440 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 16,300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-2021.00 - Counter and Rental Clerks Sales representatives, services, all other All services sales representatives not listed separately. Demonstrators and product promoters Demonstrate merchandise and answer questions for the purpose of creating public interest in buying the product. May sell demonstrated merchandise. 2014 employment: 93,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,940 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 8,200 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-9011.00 - Demonstrators and Product Promoters Solicit donations or orders for goods or services over the telephone. 2014 employment: 237,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,530 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -7,200 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-9041.00 - Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers Sell goods or services door-to-door or on the street. Sales and related workers, all other All sales and related workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers. Switchboard operators, including answering service Operate telephone business systems equipment or switchboards to relay incoming, outgoing, and interoffice calls. May supply information to callers and record messages. Provide information by accessing alphabetical, geographical, or other directories. Assist customers with special billing requests, such as charges to a third party and credits or refunds for incorrectly dialed numbers or bad connections. May handle emergency calls and assist children or people with physical disabilities to make telephone calls. 2014 employment: 13,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,880 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -5,500 Growth rate: -42 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-2021.00 - Telephone Operators Communications equipment operators, all other All communications equipment operators not listed separately. 2014 employment: 3,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 40,330 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-2099.00 - Communications Equipment Operators, All Other All financial clerks not listed separately. 2014 employment: 38,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 40,080 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,400 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-3099.00 - Financial Clerks, All Other Expedite and route movement of incoming and outgoing cargo and freight shipments in airline, train, and trucking terminals, and shipping docks. Take orders from customers and arrange pickup of freight and cargo for delivery to loading platform. Prepare and examine bills of lading to determine shipping charges and tariffs. Pick up and deliver messages, documents, packages, and other items between offices or departments within an establishment or directly to other business concerns, traveling by foot, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, or public conveyance. Excludes Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers (53-3033). 2014 employment: 92,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 27,280 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,800 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5021.00 - Couriers and Messengers Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance Schedule and dispatch workers, work crews, equipment, or service vehicles for conveyance of materials, freight, or passengers, or for normal installation, service, or emergency repairs rendered outside the place of business. Duties may include using radio, telephone, or computer to transmit assignments and compiling statistics and reports on work progress. 2014 employment: 199,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 37,150 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 8,800 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5032.00 - Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance Read meter and record consumption of electricity, gas, water, or steam. 2014 employment: 37,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 38,510 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -6,700 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5041.00 - Meter Readers, Utilities Monitor and control electronic computer and peripheral electronic data processing equipment to process business, scientific, engineering, and other data according to operating instructions. Monitor and respond to operating and error messages. May enter commands at a computer terminal and set controls on computer and peripheral devices. Excludes Computer Occupations (15-1100) and Data Entry Keyers (43-9021). 2014 employment: 61,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 40,420 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -11,600 Growth rate: -19 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9011.00 - Computer Operators Operate data entry device, such as keyboard or photo composing perforator. Duties may include verifying data and preparing materials for printing. Excludes Word Processors and Typists (43-9022). 2014 employment: 216,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,460 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -7,900 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9021.00 - Data Entry Keyers Word processors and typists Use word processor, computer or typewriter to type letters, reports, forms, or other material from rough draft, corrected copy, or voice recording. May perform other clerical duties as assigned. Excludes Data Entry Keyers (43-9021), Secretaries and Administrative Assistants (43-6011 through 43-6014), Court Reporters (23-2091), and Medical Transcriptionists (31-9094). 2014 employment: 90,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 37,610 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -14,200 Growth rate: -16 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9022.00 - Word Processors and Typists Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution. Use hand or mail handling machines to time stamp, open, read, sort, and route incoming mail and address, seal, stamp, fold, stuff, and affix postage to outgoing mail or packages. Duties may also include keeping necessary records and completed forms. Office machine operators, except computer Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines. Excludes Computer Operators (43-9011), Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service (43-9051) and Billing and Posting Clerks (43-3021). Proofreaders and copy markers Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of Braille. Compile and compute data according to statistical formulas for use in statistical studies. May perform actuarial computations and compile charts and graphs for use by actuaries. Includes actuarial clerks. Office and administrative support workers, all other All office and administrative support workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 264,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 32,590 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 18,400 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9199.00 - Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of agricultural, forestry, aquacultural, and related workers. Excludes First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers (37-1012). Inspect agricultural commodities, processing equipment, and facilities, and fish and logging operations, to ensure compliance with regulations and laws governing health, quality, and safety. 2014 employment: 14,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,380 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 45-2011.00 - Agricultural Inspectors Graders and sorters, agricultural products Grade, sort, or classify unprocessed food and other agricultural products by size, weight, color, or condition. Excludes Agricultural Inspectors (45-2011). First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of construction or extraction workers. Cover interior walls or ceilings of rooms with decorative wallpaper or fabric, or attach advertising posters on surfaces such as walls and billboards. May remove old materials or prepare surfaces to be papered. 2014 employment: 6,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,590 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2142.00 - Paperhangers Lay pipe for storm or sanitation sewers, drains, and water mains. Perform any combination of the following tasks: grade trenches or culverts, position pipe, or seal joints. Excludes Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers (51-4121). 2014 employment: 45,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 37,780 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 5,200 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2151.00 - Pipelayers Plasterers and stucco masons Apply interior or exterior plaster, cement, stucco, or similar materials. May also set ornamental plaster. 2014 employment: 27,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 37,320 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,900 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2161.00 - Plasterers and Stucco Masons Erect and repair fences and fence gates, using hand and power tools. 2014 employment: 24,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 32,450 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,000 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4031.00 - Fence Erectors Highway maintenance workers Maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement, repairing guard rails, highway markers, and snow fences. May also mow or clear brush from along road or plow snow from roadway. Excludes Tree Trimmers and Pruners (37-3013). 2014 employment: 151,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,930 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 7,300 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4051.00 - Highway Maintenance Workers Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators Lay, repair, and maintain track for standard or narrow-gauge railroad equipment used in regular railroad service or in plant yards, quarries, sand and gravel pits, and mines. Includes ballast cleaning machine operators and railroad bed tamping machine operators. 2014 employment: 15,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 52,830 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,500 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4061.00 - Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners Clean and repair septic tanks, sewer lines, or drains. May patch walls and partitions of tank, replace damaged drain tile, or repair breaks in underground piping. 2014 employment: 24,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,370 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,000 Growth rate: 16 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4071.00 - Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners Construction and related workers, all other All construction and related workers not listed separately. Derrick operators, oil and gas Rig derrick equipment and operate pumps to circulate mud through drill hole. 2014 employment: 21,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 47,910 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,900 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5011.00 - Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas Rotary drill operators, oil and gas Set up or operate a variety of drills to remove underground oil and gas, or remove core samples for testing during oil and gas exploration. Excludes Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas (47-5021). 2014 employment: 27,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 54,310 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5012.00 - Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining Operate equipment to increase oil flow from producing wells or to remove stuck pipe, casing, tools, or other obstructions from drilling wells. May also perform similar services in mining exploration operations. Includes fishing-tool technicians. 2014 employment: 64,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 45,000 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,700 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5013.00 - Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining Earth drillers, except oil and gas Operate a variety of drills such as rotary, churn, and pneumatic to tap sub-surface water and salt deposits, to remove core samples during mineral exploration or soil testing, and to facilitate the use of explosives in mining or construction. May use explosives. Includes horizontal and earth boring machine operators. 2014 employment: 20,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,240 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,700 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5021.00 - Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters Place and detonate explosives to demolish structures or to loosen, remove, or displace earth, rock, or other materials. May perform specialized handling, storage, and accounting procedures. Includes seismograph shooters. Excludes Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas (47-5021) who may also work with explosives. 2014 employment: 8,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 50,210 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5031.00 - Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters Continuous mining machine operators Operate self-propelled mining machines that rip coal, metal and nonmetal ores, rock, stone, or sand from the mine face and load it onto conveyors or into shuttle cars in a continuous operation. 2014 employment: 12,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 48,620 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -5 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5041.00 - Continuous Mining Machine Operators Mine cutting and channeling machine operators Operate machinery such as longwall shears, plows, and cutting machines to cut or channel along the face or seams of coal mines, stone quarries, or other mining surfaces to facilitate blasting, separating, or removing minerals or materials from mines or from the Earths surface. Includes shale planers. Mining machine operators, all other All mining machine operators not listed separately. 2014 employment: 2,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 48,550 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5049.00 - Mining Machine Operators, All Other Separate blocks of rough dimension stone from quarry mass using jackhammer and wedges. 2014 employment: 3,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,820 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5051.00 - Rock Splitters, Quarry Operate machinery to install roof support bolts in underground mine. 2014 employment: 6,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 54,950 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -11 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5061.00 - Roof Bolters, Mining Assemble or repair oil field equipment using hand and power tools. Perform other tasks as needed. 2014 employment: 76,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,510 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 6,300 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5071.00 - Roustabouts, Oil and Gas Help extraction craft workers, such as earth drillers, blasters and explosives workers, derrick operators, and mining machine operators, by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying equipment or cleaning work area. Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231). 2014 employment: 25,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,760 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,200 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5081.00 - Helpers--Extraction Workers Extraction workers, all other All extraction workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 5,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,370 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 700 Growth rate: 12 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5099.00 - Extraction Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of mechanics, installers, and repairers. Excludes team or work leaders. Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers Repair, maintain, or install computers, word processing systems, automated teller machines, and electronic office machines, such as duplicating and fax machines. Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairs Repair, install or maintain mobile or stationary radio transmitting, broadcasting, and receiving equipment, and two-way radio communications systems used in cellular telecommunications, mobile broadband, ship-to-shore, aircraft-to-ground communications, and radio equipment in service and emergency vehicles. May test and analyze network coverage. Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers Repair, adjust, or install audio or television receivers, stereo systems, camcorders, video systems, or other electronic home entertainment equipment. Security and fire alarm systems installers Install, program, maintain, and repair security and fire alarm wiring and equipment. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. Excludes Electricians (47-2111) who do a broad range of electrical wiring. 2014 employment: 64,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,420 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 8,200 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-2098.00 - Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers Repair and service bicycles. 2014 employment: 10,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 27,470 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 2,300 Growth rate: 22 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3091.00 - Bicycle Repairers Recreational vehicle service technicians Diagnose, inspect, adjust, repair, or overhaul recreational vehicles including travel trailers. May specialize in maintaining gas, electrical, hydraulic, plumbing, or chassistowing systems as well as repairing generators, appliances, and interior components. Includes workers who perform customized van conversions. Excludes Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics (49-3023) and Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists (49-3031) who also work on recreation vehicles. 2014 employment: 11,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,670 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3092.00 - Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians Tire repairers and changers Repair and replace tires. 2014 employment: 105,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,220 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 4,300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3093.00 - Tire Repairers and Changers Install, service, or repair automatic door mechanisms and hydraulic doors. Includes garage door mechanics. 2014 employment: 17,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 38,160 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,900 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9011.00 - Mechanical Door Repairers Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door Install, repair, and maintain mechanical regulating and controlling devices, such as electric meters, gas regulators, thermostats, safety and flow valves, and other mechanical governors. Repair, adjust, or install all types of electric or gas household appliances, such as refrigerators, washers, dryers, and ovens. 2014 employment: 46,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,200 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,600 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9031.00 - Home Appliance Repairers Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons Build or repair equipment such as furnaces, kilns, cupolas, boilers, converters, ladles, soaking pits and ovens, using refractory materials. 2014 employment: 1,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 47,060 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9045.00 - Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons Camera and photographic equipment repairers Repair and adjust cameras and photographic equipment, including commercial video and motion picture camera equipment. Musical instrument repairers and tuners Repair percussion, stringed, reed, or wind instruments. May specialize in one area, such as piano tuning. Excludes Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers (49-2097) who repair electrical and electronic musical instruments. 2014 employment: 8,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,660 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Apprenticeship ONET: 49-9063.00 - Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners Repair, clean, and adjust mechanisms of timing instruments, such as watches and clocks. Includes watchmakers, watch technicians, and mechanical timepiece repairers. 2014 employment: 2,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 34,750 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -700 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9064.00 - Watch Repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other All precision instrument and equipment repairers not listed separately. Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers Install, service, adjust, or repair coin, vending, or amusement machines including video games, juke boxes, pinball machines, or slot machines. Work below surface of water, using scuba gear to inspect, repair, remove, or install equipment and structures. May use a variety of power and hand tools, such as drills, sledgehammers, torches, and welding equipment. May conduct tests or experiments, rig explosives, or photograph structures or marine life. Excludes Fishers and Related Fishing Workers (45-3011), Athletes and Sports Competitors (27-2021), and Police and Sheriffs Patrol Officers (33-3051). 2014 employment: 4,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 50,470 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,600 Growth rate: 37 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9092.00 - Commercial Divers Fabric menders, except garment Repair tears, holes, and other defects in fabrics, such as draperies, linens, parachutes, and tents. 2014 employment: 800 May 2015 median annual wage: 24,490 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -13 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9093.00 - Fabric Menders, Except Garment Locksmiths and safe repairers Repair and open locks make keys change locks and safe combinations and install and repair safes. 2014 employment: 20,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 39,160 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -3,100 Growth rate: -15 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9094.00 - Locksmiths and Safe Repairers Manufactured building and mobile home installers Move or install mobile homes or prefabricated buildings. Set up or repair rigging for construction projects, manufacturing plants, logging yards, ships and shipyards, or for the entertainment industry. 2014 employment: 20,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,220 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,800 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9096.00 - Riggers Signal and track switch repairers Install, inspect, test, maintain, or repair electric gate crossings, signals, signal equipment, track switches, section lines, or intercommunications systems within a railroad system. 2014 employment: 9,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 63,840 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9097.00 - Signal and Track Switch Repairers Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers Help installation, maintenance, and repair workers in maintenance, parts replacement, and repair of vehicles, industrial machinery, and electrical and electronic equipment. Perform duties such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers cleaning work area, machines, and tools and holding materials or tools for other workers. 2014 employment: 129,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 26,400 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 12,200 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9098.00 - Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other All, installation, maintenance, and repair workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of production and operating workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Excludes team or work leaders. Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers Use hand or hand tools to perform routine cutting and trimming of meat, poultry, and seafood. 2014 employment: 152,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,870 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-3022.00 - Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers Slaughterers and meat packers Work in slaughtering, meat packing, or wholesale establishments performing precision functions involving the preparation of meat. Work may include specialized slaughtering tasks, cutting standard or premium cuts of meat for marketing, making sausage, or wrapping meats. Excludes Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers (51-3022) who perform routine meat cutting. 2014 employment: 86,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,650 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -500 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-3023.00 - Slaughterers and Meat Packers Layout workers, metal and plastic Lay out reference points and dimensions on metal or plastic stock or workpieces, such as sheets, plates, tubes, structural shapes, castings, or machine parts, for further processing. Includes shipfitters. 2014 employment: 13,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 44,530 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,700 Growth rate: -20 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-4192.00 - Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners Perform precision smoothing, sharpening, polishing, or grinding of metal objects. 2014 employment: 11,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,550 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,000 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-4194.00 - Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners Metal workers and plastic workers, all other All metal workers and plastic workers not listed separately. Prepress technicians and workers Format and proof text and images submitted by designers and clients into finished pages that can be printed. Includes digital and photo typesetting. May produce printing plates. Set up and operate digital, letterpress, lithographic, flexographic, gravure, or other printing machines. Includes short-run offset printing presses. 2014 employment: 173,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,240 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -21,600 Growth rate: -12 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-5112.00 - Printing Press Operators Print binding and finishing workers Bind books and other publications or finish printed products by hand or machine. May set up binding and finishing machines. 2014 employment: 51,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 30,260 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -7,000 Growth rate: -14 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-5113.00 - Print Binding and Finishing Workers Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Operate or tend washing or dry-cleaning machines to wash or dry-clean industrial or household articles, such as cloth garments, suede, leather, furs, blankets, draperies, linens, rugs, and carpets. Includes spotters and dyers of these articles. 2014 employment: 208,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 20,820 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,700 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6011.00 - Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials Press or shape articles by hand or machine. Operate or tend sewing machines to join, reinforce, decorate, or perform related sewing operations in the manufacture of garment or nongarment products. 2014 employment: 153,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 22,550 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -41,700 Growth rate: -27 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6031.00 - Sewing Machine Operators Shoe and leather workers and repairers Construct, decorate, or repair leather and leather-like products, such as luggage, shoes, and saddles. 2014 employment: 9,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,630 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,500 Growth rate: -15 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6041.00 - Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers Shoe machine operators and tenders Operate or tend a variety of machines to join, decorate, reinforce, or finish shoes and shoe parts. 2014 employment: 3,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,190 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,100 Growth rate: -31 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6042.00 - Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders Sew, join, reinforce, or finish, usually with needle and thread, a variety of manufactured items. Includes weavers and stitchers. Excludes Fabric Menders, Except Garment (49-9093). 2014 employment: 12,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,640 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,200 Growth rate: -10 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6051.00 - Sewers, Hand Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers Design, make, alter, repair, or fit garments. 2014 employment: 40,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,830 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -3,400 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6052.00 - Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to bleach, shrink, wash, dye, or finish textiles or synthetic or glass fibers. Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut textiles. Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that knit, loop, weave, or draw in textiles. Excludes Sewing Machine Operators (51-6031). Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that wind or twist textiles or draw out and combine sliver, such as wool, hemp, or synthetic fibers. Includes slubber machine and drawing frame operators. Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers Set up, operate, or tend machines that extrude and form continuous filaments from synthetic materials, such as liquid polymer, rayon, and fiberglass. Fabric and apparel patternmakers Draw and construct sets of precision master fabric patterns or layouts. May also mark and cut fabrics and apparel. 2014 employment: 5,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,900 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,400 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6092.00 - Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers Make, repair, or replace upholstery for household furniture or transportation vehicles. 2014 employment: 42,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 32,020 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -1,800 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6093.00 - Upholsterers Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other All textile, apparel, and furnishings workers not listed separately. Construct full-size and scale wooden precision models of products. Includes wood jig builders and loft workers. 2014 employment: 2,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 33,590 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7031.00 - Model Makers, Wood Plan, lay out, and construct wooden unit or sectional patterns used in forming sand molds for castings. 2014 employment: 1,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 38,410 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7032.00 - Patternmakers, Wood All woodworkers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 12,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 28,990 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7099.00 - Woodworkers, All Other Chemical plant and system operators Control or operate entire chemical processes or system of machines. 2014 employment: 38,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 59,320 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -3,500 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-8091.00 - Chemical Plant and System Operators Distribute or process gas for utility companies and others by controlling compressors to maintain specified pressures on main pipelines. 2014 employment: 16,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 66,010 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-8092.00 - Gas Plant Operators Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers Operate or control petroleum refining or processing units. May specialize in controlling manifold and pumping systems, gauging or testing oil in storage tanks, or regulating the flow of oil into pipelines. Plant and system operators, all other All plant and system operators not listed separately. Chemical equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend equipment to control chemical changes or reactions in the processing of industrial or consumer products. Equipment used includes devulcanizers, steam-jacketed kettles, and reactor vessels. Excludes Chemical Plant and System Operators (51-8091). 2014 employment: 66,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 47,220 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -5,500 Growth rate: -8 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9011.00 - Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend continuous flow or vat-type equipment filter presses shaker screens centrifuges condenser tubes precipitating, fermenting, or evaporating tanks scrubbing towers or batch stills. These machines extract, sort, or separate liquids, gases, or solids from other materials to recover a refined product. Includes dairy processing equipment operators. Excludes Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders (51-9011). Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines to crush, grind, or polish materials, such as coal, glass, grain, stone, food, or rubber. Grinding and polishing workers, hand Grind, sand, or polish, using hand tools or hand-held power tools, a variety of metal, wood, stone, clay, plastic, or glass objects. Includes chippers, buffers, and finishers. 2014 employment: 29,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 28,610 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,600 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9022.00 - Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines to mix or blend materials, such as chemicals, tobacco, liquids, color pigments, or explosive ingredients. Excludes Food Batchmakers (51-3092). Use hand tools or hand-held power tools to cut and trim a variety of manufactured items, such as carpet, fabric, stone, glass, or rubber. 2014 employment: 15,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 26,820 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,800 Growth rate: -17 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9031.00 - Cutters and Trimmers, Hand Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut or slice materials, such as glass, stone, cork, rubber, tobacco, food, paper, or insulating material. Excludes Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-7040), Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic (51-4031), and Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-6062). Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines, such as glass forming machines, plodder machines, and tuber machines, to shape and form products, such as glassware, food, rubber, soap, brick, tile, clay, wax, tobacco, or cosmetics. Excludes Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-9196) and Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders (51-6042). Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders Operate or tend heating equipment other than basic metal, plastic, or food processing equipment. Includes activities, such as annealing glass, drying lumber, curing rubber, removing moisture from materials, or boiling soap. Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to prepare industrial or consumer products for storage or shipment. Includes cannery workers who pack food products. 2014 employment: 378,400 May 2015 median annual wage: 27,080 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 3,800 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9111.00 - Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders Perform any or all of the following functions in the manufacture of electronic semiconductors: load semiconductor material into furnace saw formed ingots into segments load individual segment into crystal growing chamber and monitor controls locate crystal axis in ingot using x-ray equipment and saw ingots into wafers and clean, polish, and load wafers into series of special purpose furnaces, chemical baths, and equipment used to form circuitry and change conductive properties. 2014 employment: 25,300 May 2015 median annual wage: 35,390 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,100 Growth rate: -8 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Associates degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9141.00 - Semiconductor Processors Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Perform work involved in developing and processing photographic images from film or digital media. May perform precision tasks such as editing photographic negatives and prints. Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders Operate or tend bonding machines that use adhesives to join items for further processing or to form a completed product. Processes include joining veneer sheets into plywood gluing paper or joining rubber and rubberized fabric parts, plastic, simulated leather, or other materials. Excludes Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders (51-6042). Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to wash or clean products, such as barrels or kegs, glass items, tin plate, food, pulp, coal, plastic, or rubber, to remove impurities. Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend equipment, such as cooling and freezing units, refrigerators, batch freezers, and freezing tunnels, to cool or freeze products, food, blood plasma, and chemicals. 2014 employment: 8,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 28,630 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9193.00 - Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders Engrave or etch metal, wood, rubber, or other materials. Includes such workers as etcher-circuit processors, pantograph engravers, and silk screen etchers. Photoengravers are included in Prepress Technicians and Workers (51-5111). 2014 employment: 9,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,810 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -300 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9194.00 - Etchers and Engravers Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic Mold, shape, form, cast, or carve products such as food products, figurines, tile, pipes, and candles consisting of clay, glass, plaster, concrete, stone, or combinations of materials. Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend paper goods machines that perform a variety of functions, such as converting, sawing, corrugating, banding, wrapping, boxing, stitching, forming, or sealing paper or paperboard sheets into products. Operate machines to build tires. 2014 employment: 18,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 39,120 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -2,500 Growth rate: -14 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9197.00 - Tire Builders Help production workers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Apprentice workers are classified in the appropriate production occupations (51-0000). 2014 employment: 419,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 23,960 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -16,100 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9198.00 - Helpers--Production Workers Production workers, all other All production workers not listed separately. Aircraft cargo handling supervisors Supervise and coordinate the activities of ground crew in the loading, unloading, securing, and staging of aircraft cargo or baggage. May determine the quantity and orientation of cargo and compute aircraft center of gravity. May accompany aircraft as member of flight crew and monitor and handle cargo in flight, and assist and brief passengers on safety and emergency procedures. Includes loadmasters. 2014 employment: 5,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 45,470 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 53-1011.00 - Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors First-line supervisors of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of helpers, laborers, or material movers. First-line supervisors of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators Directly supervise and coordinate activities of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators and helpers. Airfield operations specialists Ensure the safe takeoff and landing of commercial and military aircraft. Duties include coordination between air-traffic control and maintenance personnel dispatching using airfield landing and navigational aids implementing airfield safety procedures monitoring and maintaining flight records and applying knowledge of weather information. 2014 employment: 7,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 51,880 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-2022.00 - Airfield Operations Specialists Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians Drive ambulance or assist ambulance driver in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. Assist in lifting patients. Motor vehicle operators, all other All motor vehicle operators not listed separately. 2014 employment: 62,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 29,230 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 5,300 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-3099.00 - Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other Subway and streetcar operators Operate subway or elevated suburban trains with no separate locomotive, or electric-powered streetcar, to transport passengers. May handle fares. 2014 employment: 12,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 62,360 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 600 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-4041.00 - Subway and Streetcar Operators Rail transportation workers, all other All rail transportation workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 3,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 59,840 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-4099.00 - Rail Transportation Workers, All Other Operate and tend bridges, canal locks, and lighthouses to permit marine passage on inland waterways, near shores, and at danger points in waterway passages. May supervise such operations. Includes drawbridge operators, lock operators, and slip bridge operators. 2014 employment: 3,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 48,520 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6011.00 - Bridge and Lock Tenders Park vehicles or issue tickets for customers in a parking lot or garage. May collect fee. 2014 employment: 135,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 20,630 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 5,800 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6021.00 - Parking Lot Attendants Automotive and watercraft service attendants Service automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, and other automotive or marine vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and accessories. Collect payment for services and supplies. May lubricate vehicle, change motor oil, install antifreeze, or replace lights or other accessories, such as windshield wiper blades or fan belts. May repair or replace tires. 2014 employment: 105,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 21,560 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 11,700 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6031.00 - Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants Conduct field studies to determine traffic volume, speed, effectiveness of signals, adequacy of lighting, and other factors influencing traffic conditions, under direction of traffic engineer. 2014 employment: 6,800 May 2015 median annual wage: 43,930 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6041.00 - Traffic Technicians Inspect equipment or goods in connection with the safe transport of cargo or people. Includes rail transportation inspectors, such as freight inspectors rail inspectors and other inspectors of transportation vehicles, not elsewhere classified. Excludes Transportation Security Screeners (33-9093). Transportation attendants, except flight attendants Provide services to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers aboard ships, buses, trains, or within the station or terminal. Perform duties such as greeting passengers, explaining the use of safety equipment, serving meals or beverages, or answering questions related to travel. Excludes Baggage Porters and Bellhops (39-6011). 2014 employment: 16,500 May 2015 median annual wage: 25,930 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,000 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6061.00 - Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants Transportation workers, all other All transportation workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 40,200 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,890 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,300 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6099.00 - Transportation Workers, All Other Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators Operate steam, gas, electric motor, or internal combustion engine driven compressors. Transmit, compress, or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen, hydrogen, and natural gas. 2014 employment: 5,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 58,350 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7071.00 - Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers Tend, control, or operate power-driven, stationary, or portable pumps and manifold systems to transfer gases, oil, other liquids, slurries, or powdered materials to and from various vessels and processes. 2014 employment: 13,100 May 2015 median annual wage: 42,420 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,100 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7072.00 - Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers Operate power pumps and auxiliary equipment to produce flow of oil or gas from wells in oil field. 2014 employment: 13,900 May 2015 median annual wage: 46,990 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,800 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7073.00 - Wellhead Pumpers Mine shuttle car operators Operate diesel or electric-powered shuttle car in underground mine to transport materials from working face to mine cars or conveyor. 2014 employment: 2,700 May 2015 median annual wage: 55,320 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -2 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7111.00 - Mine Shuttle Car Operators Tank car, truck, and ship loaders Load and unload chemicals and bulk solids, such as coal, sand, and grain into or from tank cars, trucks, or ships using material moving equipment. May perform a variety of other tasks relating to shipment of products. May gauge or sample shipping tanks and test them for leaks. 2014 employment: 13,000 May 2015 median annual wage: 36,660 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 500 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7121.00 - Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders Material moving workers, all other All material moving workers not listed separately. 2014 employment: 23,600 May 2015 median annual wage: 30,360 Projected employment change, 201424: Number of new jobs: 1,000 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7199.00 - Material Moving Workers, All Other Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition. Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail, on the Internet at bls. govoohaboutdata-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail. htm (visited February 25, 2017 ). Publish Date: Thursday, December 17, 2015 Recommend this page using: Facebook Twitter